Language Arts (Kindergarten)

Reading - Literature

1. Key Ideas and Details
   1. With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
   2. With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details.
   3. With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.
2. Craft and Structure
   1. Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.
   2. Recognize common types of texts (e.g., storybooks, poems).
   3. With prompting and support, name the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each in telling the story.
3. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
   1. With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the story in which they appear (e.g., what moment in a story an illustration depicts).
   2. With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.
4. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity
   1. Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Reading - Informational Text

1. Key Ideas and Details
   1. With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
   2. With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
   3. With prompting and support, describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.
2. Craft and Structure
   1. With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.
   2. Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.
   3. Name the author and illustrator of a text and define the role of each in presenting the ideas or information in a text.
3. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
   1. With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear (e.g., what person, place, thing, or idea in the text an illustration depicts).
   2. With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.
   3. With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in illustrations, descriptions, or procedures).
4. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity
   1. Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Reading - Foundational Skills

1. Print Concepts
   1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.
      1. Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.
      2. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.
      3. Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.
      4. Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.
2. Phonological Awareness
   1. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes). 
   2. Recognize and produce rhyming words.
   3. Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.
   4. Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.
   5. Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in three-phoneme (consonent-vowel-consonent, or CVC) words.* (This does not include CVCs ending with /l/, /r/, or /x/.)
   6. Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.
3. Phonics and Word Recognition
   1. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.
      1. Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary or many of the most frequent sound for each consonant.
      2. Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings (graphemes) for the five major vowels.
      3. Read common high-frequency words by sight (e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do, does).
      4. Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.
4. Fluency
   1. Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding.

Writing

1. Text Types and Purposes
   1. Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces in which they tell a reader the topic or the name of the book they are writing about and state an opinion or preference about the topic or book (e.g., My favorite book is . . .).
   2. Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts in which they name what they are writing about and supply some information about the topic.
   3. Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to narrate a single event or several loosely linked events, tell about the events in the order in which they occurred, and provide a reaction to what happened.
2. Production and Distribution of Writing
   1. With guidance and support from adults, respond to questions and suggestions from peers and add details to strengthen writing as needed.
   2. With guidance and support from adults, explore a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.
3. Research to Build and Present Knowledge
   1. Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author and express opinions about them).
   2. With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Speaking and Listening

1. Comprehension and Collaboration
   1. Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
      1. Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking about the topics and texts under discussion).
      2. Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.
2. Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas
   1. Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.
   2. Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.
   3. Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Language

1. Conventions of Standard English
   1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
      1. Print many upper- and lowercase letters.
      2. Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.
      3. Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/ (e.g., dog, dogs; wish, wishes).
      4. Understand and use question words (interrogatives) (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how).
      5. Use the most frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., to, from, in, out, on, off, for, of, by, with).
      6. Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.
2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
   1. Print many upper- and lowercase letters.
   2. Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.
   3. Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/ (e.g., dog, dogs; wish, wishes).
   4. Understand and use question words (interrogatives) (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how).
   5. Use the most frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., to, from, in, out, on, off, for, of, by, with).
   6. Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.
3. Vocabulary Acquisition and Use
   1. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on kindergarten reading and content.
      1. Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately (e.g., knowing duck is a bird and learning the verb to duck).
      2. Use the most frequently occurring inflections and affixes (e.g., -ed, -s, re-, un-, pre-, -ful, -less) as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word.
   2. With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.
      1. Sort common objects into categories (e.g., shapes, foods) to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.
      2. Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their opposites (antonyms).
      3. Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., note places at school that are colorful).
      4. Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action (e.g., walk, march, strut, prance) by acting out the meanings.
   3. Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.