Anatomy and Physiology (Grade 10-12)

Students will:

1. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text.
2. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11-12 texts and topics.
3. Analyze the authors purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, identifying important issues that remain unresolved.
4. By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
5. Classify and state the defining characteristics of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
6. Describe the anatomy and histology of bone tissue.
7. Distinguish between bones of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
8. Identify the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
9. Identify major markings (such as foramina, fossae, tubercles, etc.) on a skeleton. Explain why these markings are important.
10. Describe the function of the vertebrate integumentary system. Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. (honors only)
11. Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, and do the following: Pose questions about the natural world, (Articulate the purpose of the investigation and identify the relevant scientific concepts). Conduct systematic observations, (Write procedures that are clear and replicable. Identify observables and examine relationships between test (independent) variable and outcome (dependent) variable. Employ appropriate methods for accurate and consistent observations conduct and record measurements at appropriate levels of precision. Follow safety guidelines). Examine books and other sources of information to see what is already known, Review what is known in light of empirical evidence, (Examine whether available empirical evidence can be interpreted in terms of existing knowledge.
12. Describe and explain what characterizes science and its methods.
13. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem.
14. Classify and state the defining characteristics of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
15. Describe the anatomy and histology, including ultrastructure, of muscle tissue. SC.912.L.14.17: List the steps involved in the sliding filament of muscle contraction.
16. Explain the physiology of skeletal muscle.
17. Identify the major muscles of the human on a model or diagram.
18. Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.
19. Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
20. Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among the data.
21. Evaluate a speakers point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, points of emphasis, and tone used.
22. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a range of formal and informal tasks.
23. Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.
24. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
25. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
26. Describe signal transmission across a myoneural junction.
27. Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems and name the major divisions of the nervous system.
28. Describe the physiology of nerve conduction, including the generator potential, action potential, and the synapse.
29. Identify the parts of a reflex arc.
30. Identify the general parts of a synapse and describe the physiology of signal transmission across a synapse.
31. Identify the major parts of a cross section through the spinal cord.
32. Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.
33. Identify the functions of the major parts of the brain, including the meninges, medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and cerebrum.
34. Identify the major functions of the spinal cord.
35. Define the terms endocrine and exocrine.
36. Compare endocrine and neural controls of physiology.
37. Describe the physiology of hormones including the different types and the mechanisms of their action.
38. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system.
39. Identify the major functions associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
40. Describe the structure of vertebrate sensory organs. Relate structure to function in vertebrate sensory systems.
41. Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health.
42. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account.
43. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms.
44. Analyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the information or ideas.
45. Evaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possible and corroborating or challenging conclusions with other sources of information.
46. Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible.
47. Describe the composition and physiology of blood, including that of the plasma and the formed elements.
48. Describe the steps in hemostasis, including the mechanism of coagulation. Include the basis for blood typing and transfusion reactions.
49. Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
50. Explain the components of an electrocardiogram.
51. Describe normal heart sounds and what they mean.
52. Describe hypertension and some of the factors that produce it.
53. Describe the histology of the major arteries and veins of systemic, pulmonary, hepatic portal, and coronary circulation.
54. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
55. Describe the histology of the respiratory system. Describe the physiology of the respiratory system including the mechanisms of ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport and the mechanisms that control the rate of ventilation.
56. Describe the histology of the alimentary canal and its associated accessory organs.
57. Describe the physiology of the digestive system, including mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and the neural and hormonal mechanisms of control.
58. Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
59. Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.
60. Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of cell membranes.
61. Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.
62. Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
63. Evaluate how environment and personal health are interrelated.
64. Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.
65. Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
66. Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
67. Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.
68. Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
69. Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
70. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
71. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
72. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
73. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
74. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
75. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system.
76. Describe fetal circulation and changes that occur to the circulatory system at birth.
77. Describe the anatomy and the physiology of the lymph system.
78. Describe the physiology of urine formation by the kidney.
79. Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
80. Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.
81. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
82. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.